Komunitariańska perspektywa przedsiębiorczości społecznej
Communitarian Perspectives on Social Enterprise

do pobrania/download PDF

Rory Ridley-Duff (tłumaczenie Robert Chrabąszcz)

SŁOWA KLUCZOWE

teoria agencji, kodeks zarządzania firmą, społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu, pracownicy, interesariusze

KEYWORDS

agency theory, corporate governance code, corporate social responsibility, employees, stakeholders

STRESZCZENIE

O koncepcji przedsiębiorstwa społecznego debatuje się niemal nieustannie, a nadal jest ona wysoce niedookreślona. W poniższym artykule zostały zaprezentowane jej ramy metateoretyczne, poprzez skonfrontowanie podejścia indywidualistycznego i komunitariańskiego. Przedstawiciele obu tradycji tworzą teorie społeczne, akcentujące albo konsensus (pogląd unitarystyczny), albo różnorodność (pogląd pluralistyczny). Rozmaite dyskursy na temat zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem odzwierciedlają powyższe założenia i kreują cztery odrębne podejścia wpływające na relacje między kapitałem a pracą. Odrzucając tradycyjny pogląd o przedsiębiorstwie prywatnym, przedsiębiorstwa społeczne przyjęły inne podejścia do rozwiązywania problemu wykluczenia społecznego, wywodzące się z odmiennych przekonań dotyczących celu działalności przedsiębiorstwa oraz istoty zarządzania. Ramy teoretyczne ukazują sposób rozumienia różnorodności w ramach tego sektora, akcentując wprowadzoną w Wielkiej Brytanii formułę działalności firmy społecznej, tzw. Przedsiębiorstwo Interesu Społecznego – Community Interest Company (CIC).

ABSTRACT

Concepts of social enterprise have been debated repeatedly, and continue to cause confusion. In this paper, a meta-theoretical framework is developed through discussion of individualist and communitarian philosophy. Philosophers from both traditions build social theories that emphasise either consensus (a unitarist outlook) or diversity (a pluralist outlook). The various discourses in corporate governance reflect these assumptions and create four distinct approaches that impact on the relationship between capital and labour. In rejecting the traditional discourse of private enterprise, social enterprises have adopted other approaches to tackle social exclusion, each derived from different underlying beliefs about the purpose of enterprise and the nature of governance. The theoretical framework offers a way to understand the diversity found within the sector, including the newly constituted Community Interest Company (CIC).

LITERATURA / REFERENCES

Allen B. [2005], Social Enterprise: Through the Eyes of the Consumer, ”Social Enterprise Journal”, Vol. 1.
Berry A., Broadbent J., Otley D. (red.) [1995], Management Control: Theories, Issues and Practices, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke.
Borzaga C., Defourny J. [2001], The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routledge, London.
Borzaga C., Santuari A. [2003], New Trends in the Non-profit Sector in Europe: The Emergence of Social Entrepreneurship. In: The Non-Profit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, Paris.
Brown J. [2004], Designing Equity Finance for Social Enterprises, Baker Brown Associates, Bristol.
Cadbury A. [1992], Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, Gee Publishing, London.
Cheney G. [1999], Values at Work, ILR Press/Cornell University Press.
Cladis M. [1992], A Communitarian Defence of Liberalism, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Coad A., Cullen J. [2001], The Community Company: Towards a Competencies Model of Corporate Governance, paper presented to 5th International MCA Conference, 4-6 July, London.
Coad A., Cullen J. [2004], Value Chains, Organisational Boundaries, and Inter-organisational Cost Management: Towards and Integrated Theory, paper presented to 6th International MCA Conference, 12-14 July, Edinburgh.
Coleman J. S. [1988], Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, “American Journal of Sociology”, Vol. 94.
Collins D. [1997], The Ethical Superiority and Inevitability of Participatory Management as an Organizational System, “Organization Science”, Vol. 8, No. 5.
Collins J. [2001], Good to Great, Random House Business Books, London.
Collins J., Porras J. [2000], Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, Random House, London.
Conyon M., Freeman R. [2001], Shared Modes of Compensation and Firm Performance: UK Evidence, London School of Economics/University of Pennsylvania, London/Philadelphia.
Cornforth C. [1988], Developing Successful Worker Co-ops, Sage Publications, London.
Cornforth C. [1995], Patterns of Cooperative Management, “Economic and Industrial Democracy”, Vol. 16.
Davies P. [2002], Introduction to Company Law, Clarendon Law Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dees J. G., Anderson B. B. [2003], For-Profit Social Ventures, [w:] M. L. Kourilsky and W. B. Walstad (red.) Social Entrepreneurship, Senate Hall Academic Publishing, Birmingham, UK.
Defourny J. [2004], From Third Sector to Social Enterprise, [w:] C. Borzaga, J. Defourny (red.) The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routledge, London/New York.
DTI [2002], Strategy for Social Enterprise, HM Treasury, London.
DTI [2003], Enterprise for Communities: Report on the Public Consultation and the Government’s Intentions, HM Treasury, London.
DTI [2005], Company Law Reform, DTI, London.
Ellerman D. [1990], The Democratic Worker-Owned Firm – A New Model for East and West, Unwin Hyman, Boston, MA.
Etzioni A. [1988], Normative-Affective Factors: Towards a New Decision-making Model, “Journal of Economic Psychology”, Vol. 9.
Evers A. [2001], The Significance of Social Capital in the Multiple Goal and Resource Structure of Social Enterprises, [w:] C. Borzaga, J. Defourny (red.) The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routledge, London/New York.
Francesco M. [2005], Social Responsibility in the Concept of the Social Enterprise as a Cognitive System, “International Journal of Public Administration”, Vol. 28.
Friedman M. [1962], Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
FSA [1998], The Combined Code on Corporate Governance (1998), dostępne na: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/ ukla/lr_comcode.pdf (7.07.2005).
FSA [2003], The Revised Combined Code on Corporate Governance (2003), dostępne na: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/ pubs/ukla/lr_comcode2003.pdf (7.07.2005).
Gates J. [1998], The Ownership Solution, Penguin, London.
Gaus G. [2003], Contemporary Theories of Liberalism, Sage Publications, London.
Giddens A. [1984], The Constitution of Society, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Giddens A. [1990], The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Griseri P. [1998], Managing Values, Macmillan, London.
Habermas J., Lennox S., Lennox F. [1974], The Public Sphere, “New German Critique”, No. 3.
Harding R. [2004], Social Enterprise: The New Economic Engine? “Business Strategy Review”, Winter.
Harrison J. [1969], Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Haugh H. [2005], A Research Agenda for Social Entrepreneurship, “Social Enterprise Journal”, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Hobbes T. [1946], Leviathan, edited by M. Oakeshott, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Holmstrom M. [1993], The Growth of the New Social Economy in Catalonia, Berg Publishers, Oxford.
Hume J. [1749], An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, [w:] Open University (ed.) (1981) Conceptions of Enquiry, Metheun & Co., London ICAEW [1999], Internal Control: Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code, The Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, London.
IFAC [2003], Enterprise Governance: Getting the Balance Right, IFAC, New York.
Jensen M., Meckling W. [1976], Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, “Journal of Financial Economics”, Vol. 3, No. 4.
Johnson P. [2006], Whence Democracy? A Review and Critique of the Conceptual Dimensions and Implications of the Business Case for Organizational Democracy, “Organization”, Vol. 13, Issue 2.
Kasmir S. [1996], The Myth of Mondragon, State University of New York Press.
Kotter P., Heskett J. [1992], Corporate Culture and Performance, Free Press, New York.
Kunda G. [1992], Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-tech Corporation, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA.
Laville J. L., Nyssens M. [2001], Towards a Theoretical Socio-Economic Approach, [w:] C. Borzaga, J. Defourny (red.) The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routledge, London.
Lewis D. (ed.) [2000], Whistleblowing at Work, Continuum International Publishing Group.
Lewis D. [2001], Whistleblowing at Work: On What Principles Should Legislation be Based?, “Industrial Law Journal”, Vol. 30, No. 2.
Lukes S. [1974], Power: A Radical View, Macmillan Education, London.
Lutz M. [1997], The Mondragon Co-operative Complex: An Application of Kantian Ethics to Social Economics, “International Journal of Social Economics”, Vol. 24, No. 2.
Lutz M. [2000], On the Connecting of Socio-Economics with Communitarianism, “The Journal of Socio-Economics”, Vol. 29, Issue 4.
Major G. [1996], Solving the Under-Investment and Degeneration Problems of Worker Co-ops, “Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics”, Vol. 67.
Major G. [1998], The Need for NOVARS (Non-Voting Value Added Sharing Renewable Shares), “Journal of Co-operative Studies”, Vol. 31.
Major G., Boby G. [2000], Equity Devaluation, The Rarity of Democratic Firms, and Profit Shares, dostępne na: www.democraticbusiness.co.uk/vanekps.html.
Marx K. [1984], Capital III, Lawrence & Wishart, London.
Mayer C. [1997], Corporate Governance, Competition and Performance, [w:] S. Deakin, A. Hughes (red.) Enterprise and Community: New Directions in Corporate Governance, Blackwell
Publishers, Oxford.
Mayo E. [1933], The Human Problems of Industrial Civilization, Macmillan, New York.
Michels R. [1961], Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, Free Press, New York.
Monks R., Minow N. [2004], Corporate Governance, wydanie III, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
NEF/SAS (New Economics Foundation/Shore-bank Advisory Services) [2004], Unlocking the Potential, The Social Enterprise Coalition, London.
Oakeshott R. [1990], The Case for Worker Co-ops, wydanie II, Macmillan, Basingstoke, Palgrave.
Ouchi W. [1981], Theory Z. Reading, Addison-Wesley, MA.
Parker M. [2002], Against Management: Organization in the Age of Managerialism, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Patterson J. [2001], Corporate Governance. The Limits of Rationality and Proceduralisation, Working Paper No. 198. ESRC Centre for Business Research, Cambridge.
Peters T., Waterman R. H. [1982], In Search of Excellence, Harper & Row, New York.
Rawls J. [1999], A Theory of Justice, nowe wydanie, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Rawls J. [2001], Justice as Fairness – A Restatement, Harvard, Cambridge, MA.
Ridley-Duff R. [2002], Silent Revolution: Creating and Managing Social Enterprises, First Contact Software, Leeds.
Ridley-Duff R. [2004], The Development of Management, Governance and Ownership Models, Paper to 6th International Management Control Association Conference, 12-14 July, Edinburgh.
Ridley-Duff R. [2005], Communitarian Perspectives on Corporate Governance, Sheffield Hal-lam University, Sheffield.
Rothschild J., Allen-Whitt J. [1986], The Cooperative Workplace, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Schumpeter J. [1942], Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Harper and Brothers, New York.
Skoble A. [1994], Communitarian and Individualist Ideas in Business, The Freeman, Foundation for Economic Education, Vol. 44, Issue 7.
Smith A. [1776] (przedruk 1937), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, New York Modern Library.
Smith R. [2003], Audit Committees Combined Code Guidance, Financial Reporting Council, London.
Spear R. [2001], United Kingdom: A Wide Range of Social Enterprises, [w:] C. Borzaga, J. Defourny (red.) The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Routledge, London.
Spear R., Bidet E. [2005], Social Enterprise for Work Integration in 12 European Countries: A Descriptive Analysis, “Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics”, Vol. 76, No. 1.
Sternberg E. [1998], The Defects of Stakeholder Theory, “Corporate Governance: An International Review”, Vol. 5, No. 1.
Tam H. [1999], Communitarianism, Macmillan, Basingstoke, Palgrave.
Thompson P., Findlay, P. [1999], Changing the People: Social Engineering in the Contemporary Workplace, [w:] L. Ray, A. Sawyer (red.) Culture and Economy after the Cultural Turn, Sage, London.
Tonnies F. [1952], Community and Association (przełożył C. P. Loomis), Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
Turnbull S. [1994], Stakeholder Democracy: Redesigning the Governance of Firms and Bureaucracies, “Journal of Socio-Economics”, Vol. 23, No. 3.
Turnbull S. [1995], Innovations in Corporate Governance: The Mondragon Experience, “Corporate Governance: An International Review”, Vol. 3, No. 3.
Vanek J. [1977], The Labor Managed Economy, Cornell University Press, Cornell.
Vidal I. [2005], Social Enterprise and Social Inclusion: Social Enterprises in the Sphere of Work Integration, “International Journal of Public Administration”, Vol. 28.
Vinten G. (red.) [1994], Whistleblowing: Subversion or Corporate Citizenship, Sage, London.
Vinten G. [2001], Shareholder versus Stakeholder - Is there a Governance Dilemma? “Corporate Governance: An International Review”, Vol. 9, Issue 1.
Wallace B. [2005], Exploring the Meaning(s) of Sustainability for Community-ased Social Entrepreneurs, “Social Enterprise Journal”, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Ward C. [1966], The Organization of Anarchy, [w:] L. Krimerman, L. Perry (red.) Patterns of Anarchy, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY.
Whyte W. F. [1956], The Organization Man, Simon and Schuster, New York.
Whyte W. F., Whyte, K. K. [1991], Making Mondragon, ILR Press/Itchaca, New York.
Wieland A. [2005], Corporate Governance, Values Management, and Standards: A European Perspective, “Business & Society”, Vol. 44, No. 4.
Willmott H. [1993], Strength is Ignorance; Slavery is Freedom: Managing Culture in Modern Organisations, “Journal of Management Studies”, Vol. 30, Issue 4.

SUGEROWANE CYTOWANIE / SUGGESTED CITATION

Ridley-Duff R. [2012], Komunitariańska perspektywa przedsiębiorczości społecznej, „Ekonomia Społeczna”, nr 2, s. 105-116.